Week 2A

The Portuguese and the exploration of the 15th century African West coast

The Moors controlled the Trans-Sahara trade routes between West and NorthAfrica. This gave the Moors control over much on the slave, gold, and spicetrade from this area to Europe. The Portuguese at first were not asinterested in the slave trade as much as the gold and spice trade the Moorswere proprietors of. The hope of obtaining slaves may have been part of theinitial quest but the need for vast amounts of slaves would not expand untillater with the advent of the sugar plantations and mining in Brazil. Prince Henry believed that the source of the gold was the coast of Guineabut in truth the gold came from remote area near the upper waters of theSenegal River and Volta River. (PG. 52)

Prince Henry convinced his father to attack Ceula which was on the northmost point on the West African coast at the Straights of Gibraltar. Thecapture of this port would hopefully have two effects, reduce the attacks byBarbary Pirates on the towns of the Algarve on the southern Portugal coastand gain control of the trade routes of the Moors. The capture of Ceula wasnot a complete success; the Moors simply moved their trade centers furthereast to Algiers. It did help to reduce the attacks by the Barbary Piratesthat had used Ceula as a home port but most of all Moorish prisoners tolddetailed stories of passage trains of merchants and camels carrying goods toexchange for gold and slaves in Timbuktu on the Niger River and Cantor onthe Gambia. Hearing these stories Prince Henry was more determined to find asea route to the source of this lucrative trade. To prepare for theseventures he established a headquarters on Cape Saint Vincent at Sarges inPortugal. Here he gathered astronomers, cosmographers, and promising shipcaptains. At Lagos he commissioned the building of the Caravel Ship whichhad a Lanteen (triangular) sail, these ships were lighter, faster, and couldsail windward. These ships were superior for exploration to other ships ofthat time.Prince Henry financed his ventures partly with his own investments. He had amonopoly of fishing for Tuna along the coast of the Algarve, he owned afishery on the Targus, and from subsidies from the "Order of Christ", aknightly association. As a Grand Master of the order he gained profits fromfairs sponsored by the Order at Tomar as well as Houses and shops leasedaround the fairground.(PG. 53)

The first ventures of the Portuguese under the direction of Prince Henry were the seizures of the deserted islands of Madeira and the Azores. The Azores lay off the coast of Africa at approximately 535 miles from the mainland from the coast of Morocco.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira)

The Azores are a small cluster of islands in the Atlantic Ocean about 950miles from Lisbon. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LocationAzores.png)

Prince Henry believed that they would be profitable ventures and to prevent Spanish expansion laid claim to these islands in the name of Portugal. After colonization of both Madeira and the Azores the islands produced Dyes from resins, Wax, Honey, and wood.

Prince Henry continued to send out expeditions down the coast of West Africa reaching Cabo Branco at the extreme northern coast of modern day Mauritania.In 1444 continuing south along the coast, Dinis Dias discovered the Senegal River and further on rounded Cabo Verde (Cape Verde) and realized the coast turned eastward.

The Slave Trade, Hugh Thomas 1997